This article was originally published by Votebeat, a nonprofit news organization covering local election administration and voting access. This is an updated version of a story originally published Aug. 2, 2024.
Every other August in Michigan, thousands of votes are rejected because voters don’t understand or pay attention to the directions on their primary ballot.
The problem occurs when voters do something called crossover voting, where, either intentionally or by accident, they vote for candidates from different parties on the same ballot. In a general election, that would not be a problem. And in a presidential primary, it wouldn’t be possible.
But in the August primary elections — where candidates for federal- and state-level positions are selected — a crossover vote that doesn’t get caught by the voter means officials can’t count any of the votes on the partisan section of the ballot. And many voters, particularly if they vote absentee, will never know that their partisan votes didn’t count, if they don’t closely read instructions or don’t respond to an on-screen alert when their ballot gets flagged by the tabulator.
“I think that sometimes, it can be a source of confusion,” said Elizabeth Hundley, the Livingston County clerk.
It’s difficult to tell exactly how many crossover votes are cast in Michigan’s August primaries; the state doesn’t keep track of the number, and neither do many of the counties Votebeat surveyed. But the counties that do keep track suggest the number is significant, meaning there are likely thousands of Michiganders whose votes on the partisan section aren’t counted each election. (Votes in the other sections of the primary ballot — for nonpartisan candidates, proposals, or millages — are unaffected by the mistake and still get counted.)
In 2022 in Macomb County, for example, nearly 6,300 ballots — about 3.6% of the more than 175,000 ballots cast in the county’s August primary — saw their partisan votes rejected due to a crossover vote, officials said.
Washtenaw County doesn’t explicitly track rejections due to crossover votes, but Votebeat’s analysis of vote data from the county suggests the total was close to 1,400 votes in 2022, or roughly 1.5% of the 87,526 votes cast there. Even if that relatively low percentage is consistent statewide, Washtenaw County Clerk Lawrence Kestenbaum said, it would still mean thousands of votes across Michigan are being excluded from the count.
The rate of crossover voting is a significant improvement over the “punch-card days,” Kestenbaum said, when “something like 5% to 15% of primary ballots would not have partisan votes counted.” Punch-card ballots, which were largely phased out across the state by the early 2000s, didn’t enable voters to catch their mistakes in the way today’s electronic tabulators do.
That’s why the problem primarily affects absentee voters today, clerks say. If an in-person voter selects candidates from different parties, the tabulator will show a warning about the crossover,” explained Meredith Place, the Kalamazoo County clerk. The voter can then either spoil their ballot and get a new one, or else they can cast it as is. If they do so, their partisan votes won’t count, but their nonpartisan selections will.
Without those alerts, absentee voters are much less likely to become aware of the issue. And if they do notice, spoiling an absentee ballot is a more involved process.
In Michigan, nearly 2 million people have requested absentee ballots for August’s election, according to the state’s voting dashboard. More than 610,000 of those have already been returned as of Wednesday.
Ballot instructions don’t necessarily prevent crossover voting
It’s not that voters aren’t given instructions on how to mark their ballots correctly, clerks say. Those who vote in person, either early or on Election Day, will get instructions from poll workers to stay within a single party column. There are also instructions printed on the top of ballots that tell voters to choose only one party, and many polling places will have signage to further warn voters.
With mail ballots, there is an included instruction sheet that tells voters in capital letters: “YOU MAY VOTE IN ONE PARTY SECTION ONLY; YOU CANNOT ‘SPLIT YOUR TICKET.’ IF YOU VOTE IN MORE THAN ONE PARTY SECTION, YOUR PARTISAN BALLOT WILL BE REJECTED.”
But still, there are enough places for confusion that many voters miss the messaging altogether.
For one thing, the August ballot is not like the others. In Michigan’s presidential primary, voters have to request a specific party’s ballot, so there’s no risk of a crossover vote. In November’s general election, voters can vote straight-ticket or go back and forth as they please for each office.
But August — technically considered an open primary, because voters don’t have to declare a party — is ripe for problems, because voters may not be aware of the risk, especially if they’ve voted before and expect this ballot to be like the others.
“If we did the regular primary the way we do the presidential, this problem wouldn’t exist at all,” Kestenbaum said.
Another concern comes from the design of the ballot itself, which falls short of best practices in several ways, according to Whitney Quesenbery, director of the nonprofit Center for Civic Design, which helps promote best practices for ballots and other election tools across the country.
Among the issues Quesenbery flagged: The text on the ballot itself is small. The separate instruction sheet that comes with the mail ballot has language that’s set by state law but is potentially confusing, and the relevant warning comes after information on how to fill in a bubble, which could lead voters to ignore it altogether. The columns for separate parties don’t have a lot of visual space between them.
“This was all written into law by lawyers, not by the people who have to explain to people how things work,” Quesenbery said. “They don’t give enough attention to accurately explaining a complex system.”
Largely, clerks say they’re doing all they can to make sure voters are aware they can vote in only one column. Beyond that, there’s a level of what Hundley called “personal responsibility by voters” to make sure they read instructions.
Crossover voting may require a legislative fix
But some clerks are supportive of a change, because, as Hundley also said, an election administrator’s goal is to make sure “the will of the people is accurately reflected.”
Any significant changes would require changing state law. While legislators have discussed changing how certain offices are selected, pivoting from conventions to primaries, few have discussed altering the primaries themselves.
Rep. Penelope Tsernoglou, a Democrat from East Lansing who used to head the elections committee in the Michigan House, said she’s “always open” to proposals to try to address concerns people have about voting.
Before making any major moves, she said she would want more information on the scope of the problem. In the meantime, she said she thought more voter education might help.
“If people are really struggling with this, I’d want to look at it and consider what we can do,” Tsernoglou said. “I want to do all we can to make voting fair, accessible and easy for everyone.”
Hayley Harding is a reporter for Votebeat based in Michigan. Contact Hayley at hharding@votebeat.org.
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